Editing Within Digital Filmmaking Essay Example for Free

Editing Within Digital Filmmaking Essay Lori Landay elucidates that in the present age of digital transformations, communications and storytelling, the saying of McLuhan that the medium is the message can be further said that the media is the mix. Digital forms of narrative are not only characterized by their mixed, hybrid forms and content, but by their recombinations. It is used to draw the spectator into the mix in many different ways. It is through the mixing of the different degrees of non-linearity and interactivity that digital narratives are able to form different kinds of digital spectatorship. She looks at three films and states that in different yet interconnected ways, these ways can tend to divert the spectator from the traditional ways of finding meaning to one’s narrative. Different modes are able to elicit different ways of storytelling and fresh ways of looking, thereby, editing scenes in the process. Source 2: Tsai, Tabitha and Czarnecki, Kelly . Digital filmmaking for the 21st century. Library Journal, 2/1/2008. Machinima Goes Mainstream. Article Retrieved June 9, 2008 http://journal. media-culture. org. au/0104/trans. php Machinima is a filmmaking genre that is used in order to shape video for the 21st century. It is a new term that is coined from the words machine and cinema and is a genre of filmmaking that was originally conceived by gamers in the 1990s. During the past years, machinima has gone more mainstream and creativity has been maximized to the limits. Machinima is filmmaking that is done within a real-time, 3-D kind of environment. Basically, machinima uses real-world filmmaking techniques within an interactive virtual environment where characters and events are controlled by humans, scripts, or artificial intelligence. The video games are the ones that provide the settings, props, costumes, and characters which are needed to be able to tell an original story. Filmmakers are able to capture actual footage as MTV Central and video games like Sims 2 have in-game recording options which help the filmmakers to capture footage. For this to be accessed, there is a need for a screen capture software program in order to import game environments where there are no built-in machinima tools. Remixing audio and video content is also among the newer gadgets available among budding machinimists. Source 3: Theodosakis, Nikos. How Digital Filmmaking Develops Higher-Order Thinking Skills. Article Retrieved June 9, 2008 at: http://www. vste. org/publications/journal/attach/vj_1602/vj_1602_08. pdf This article posits that in the classroom, the process of filmmaking entails that students must be able to imagine what they will need in order to come up with a movie. They need to develop a strategy that involves managerial skills such as planning, production and editing where they will start gathering a logical series of events. The author logical lays out what is entailed in the planning stage emphasizing that feature films are rarely shot in a sequential order in order to save time, money and effort. As part of editing, the scenes are grouped according to location or actors or even according to equipment availability. Analytical skills must also be present to a large measure so that during the editing process, one can see multiple takes of the same shots and multiple shots of the same scene and then decide which information best illustrates the message being set forth (Theodosakis). The author wants to point out that the goal of filmmaking in the classroom must be executed so that students will be able to experience these skills in preparation for the future use in their own worlds beyond the classroom.

History and Future of Music Storage Methods :: Audio Technology Essays

History and Future of Music Storage Methods Music is all around us. It is interesting to see the progress of technology in music and how it has shaped our culture. Wax Cylinders Wax cylinders (vinyl) have a mechanical method of recording and playing music. The data on the cylinder is stored linearly. It senses the transducer signal (vibrations) of the record and transmits it to a diaphragm. Sound was recorded onto a tin foil cylinder when the idea of a phonograph was first conceived. This was done by a diaphragm. The diaphragm captures the vibration of the soundwaves, which makes the needle (or stylus) imprint a mechanical form of the soundwave in an analog form onto the tin foil. When playback is desired, the impressions left on the tin foil from the original sound would then cause the needle to move, causing the diaphragm to vibrate, displacing the air and replicating the original sound. Before the phonograph, invented by Thomas Edison in 1877, was the phonautograph by Leon Scott. I could record sound, however, not reproduce it. Audiocassettes Howstuffworks.com Audiocassettes are a magnetic form of storing music. They proceeded vinyl records due to their compact design and lowered risk of being damaged. Cassettes are recorded linearly. Unlike the vinyl record, it uses a ferromagnetic substance to create a magnetized medium on the tape. It was popular because of its’ simplicity, one could record over the tape and it would retain it’s data. The transmitter is an electromagnet, which is used to record the tape. There are two sides to a tape, each side containing memory for 2 channels (stereo). The audiocassette is an easier and flexible method of storing data than that of the phonograph. A phonograph is easier to damage than the cassette because it is not protected against the elements of everyday wear and tear. Scratches damage the phonograph’s ability to playback the recorded data on the phonograph. However, the audiocassette is prone to other types of damage than the phonograph. If left near a magnetic item, the fidelity of the data in the cassette may be at risk. â€Å"This electromagnet is tiny - perhaps the size of a flattened pea. The electromagnet consists of an iron core wrapped with wire, as shown in the figure. During recording, the audio signal is sent through the coil of wire to create a magnetic field in the core. At the gap, magnetic flux forms a fringe pattern to bridge the gap and this flux is what magnetizes the oxide on the tape.

Convocation Address Essay

As part of his attempts to survive the horrors of the camp, Faludy (a university professor) gave mini-lectures in the barracks at night on a variety of subjects. Some of the fellow prisoners eagerly joined in; others declined. Faludy notes, â€Å"Those who died . . . ere always the men who had been most determined to survive, those who had concentrated on nothing but food, sleep and warmth . . . I was reluctant to admit the obvious: that delighting in a good poem or discussing Plato’s Socratic dialogue could somehow arm the spirit to the point that it could prevent the body’s collapse. † He concludes his address with this realization: â€Å"Our whole fragile tradition of art and thought is neither an amusement nor a yoke. For those who steep themselves in it, it provides both a guide and a goal for surpassing all the half-baked ideologies that have blown up at our feet in this century like landmines . . All we have to guide us in this present is the accumulated thought and experience of those who have lived before us. † This convocation address has had a significant impact on my view of education. Most people agree that there is potentially something noble about teaching, yet Faludy proves it. I am reminded of film critic Roger Ebert’s assessment of the film Life is Beautiful in which Ebert argues that since Jewish prisoner Guido is a clown, comedy becomes his weapon. Faludy was an educator. Education was his weapon. As it is for us all.

Who Were the Parents of Hercules

Hercules, better known to classicists as Heracles, technically had three parents, two mortal and one divine. He was raised by Amphitryon and Alcmene, a human king and queen who were cousins and grandchildren of Zeus son Perseus. But, according to the legends, Heracles biological father was actually Zeus himself. The story of how this came about is known as The Amphitryon, a tale told many times over the centuries.   Key Takeaways: Hercules' Parents Hercules (or more properly Heracles) was the son of Alcmene, a beautiful and virtuous Theban woman, her husband Amphitryon, and the god Zeus.  Zeus seduced Alcmene by taking the form of her absent husband. Alcmene had twin sons, one credited to Amphitryon (Iphicles) and one credited to Zeus (Hercules).  The oldest version of the story was written by the Archaic Greek writer Hesiod in the Shield of Heracles in the 6th century BCE, but many others have followed.   Hercules Mother Hercules mother was Alcmene (or Alcmena), the daughter of Electryon, the king of Tiryns and Mycenae. Electryon was one of the sons of Perseus, who in turn was the son of Zeus and the human Danae, making Zeus, in this case, his own great-great-grandfather-in-law. Electryon had a nephew, Amphitryon, who was a Theban general betrothed to his cousin Alcmene. Amphitryon accidentally killed Electryon and was sent into exile with Alcmene to Thebes, where King Creon cleansed him of his guilt.   Alcmene was beautiful, stately, virtuous, and wise. She refused to marry Amphitryon until he avenged her eight brothers, who had fallen in battle against the Taphians and Teleboans. Amphitryon went off to battle, pledging to Zeus that he would not return until he had avenged Alcmenes brothers deaths and burned the villages of the Taphians and Teleboans to the ground. Zeus had other plans. He wanted a son who would defend gods and men against destruction, and he chose neat-ankled Alcmene as the mother of his son. While Amphitryon was away, Zeus disguised himself as Amphitryon and seduced Alcmene, in a night that was three nights long, conceiving Heracles. Amphitryon returned on the third night, and made love to his lady, conceiving a fully human child, Iphicles.   Hera and Heracles While Alcmene was pregnant, Hera, Zeus jealous wife and sister, found out about his child-to-be. When Zeus announced that his descendant born that day would be king over Mycenae, he had forgotten that Amphitryons uncle, Sthenelus (another son of Perseus), was also expecting a child with his wife. Wanting to deprive her husbands secret love child of the prestigious prize of the Mycenaean throne, Hera induced Sthenelus wife into labor and made the twins root deeper into Alcmenes womb. As a result, Sthenelus cowardly son, Eurystheus, wound up ruling Mycenae, rather than mighty Heracles. And Heracles mortal step-cousin was the one to whom he brought the fruits of his Twelve Labors. The Birth of Twins Alcmene gave birth to the twin boys, but it was soon made clear that one of the boys was superhuman and the child of her inadvertent liaison with Zeus. In Plautus version, Amphitryon learned of Zeus impersonation and seduction from the seer Tiresias and was outraged. Alcmene fled to an altar around which Amphitryon placed fire logs, which he proceeded to light. Zeus rescued her, preventing her death by extinguishing the flames. In fear of Heras wrath, Alcmene abandoned Zeus child in a field outside of the city walls of Thebes, where Athena found him and brought him to Hera. Hera suckled him but found him too powerful, and sent him back to his mother, who gave the child the name of Heracles, the Glory of Hera.  Ã‚   Versions of the Amphitryon   The earliest version of this tale has been attributed to Hesiod (ca. 750–650 BCE), as part of the Shield of Heracles. It was also the basis for a tragedy by Sophocles (5th century BCE), but nothing of that has survived.   In the second century BCE, the Roman playwright T. Maccius Plautus told the story as a five-act tragicomedy called Jupiter in Disguise (likely written between 190 and 185 BCE), recasting the story as an essay on the Roman notion of paterfamilias: it does end happily.   Be of good cheer, Amphitryon; I am come to thy aid: thou hast nothing to fear; all diviners and soothsayers let alone. What is to be, and what has past, I will tell thee; and so much better than they can, inasmuch as I am Jupiter. First of all, I have made loan of the person of Alcmena, and have caused her to be pregnant with a son. Thou, too, didst cause her to be pregnant, when thou didst set out upon the expedition; at one birth has she brought forth the two together. One of these, the one that is sprung from my parentage, shall bless thee with deathless glory by his deeds. Do thou return with Alcmena to your former affection; she merits not that thou shouldst impute it to her as her blame; by my power has she been compelled thus to act. I now return to the heavens.   More recent versions have been mostly comedies and satires. English poet John Drydens 1690 version focused on morality and the misuse of power. German playwright Heinrich von Kleists version was first staged in 1899; Frenchman Jean Giraudouxs Amphitryon 38 was staged in 1929, and another German version, Georg Kaisers Zwiemal Amphitryon (Double Amphitryon) in 1945. Giraudouxs 38 is itself a joke, referencing how many times the play had been adapted. Sources Burgess, Jonathan S. Coronis Aflame: The Gender of Mortality. Classical Philology 96.3 (2001): 214–27. Print.Hesiod. Shield of Heracles. Trans. Hugh G. Evelyn-White. In The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1914. Print.Nagy, Gregory. The Ancient Greek Hero in 24 Hours. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 2013. Print.Neumarkt, Paul. The Amphitryon Legend in Plautus, Molià ¨re, Dryden, Kleist, Giraudoux. American Imago 34.4 (1977): 357–73. Print.Papadimitropoulos, Loukas. Heracles as Tragic Hero. The Classical World 101.2 (2008): 131–38. Print.

The Importance of Developing Renewable Energy in Europe

In recent years, Europe has been faced with the problem of continuous urbanization and excessive energy consumption, closing in on exhaustion of available energy resources. In view of this, the notions of sustainability and resilience have become paramount in resource management and policy-making. Within such a context, renewable energies play a key role in the global energy pool. Amongst these, wind energy production accounts for almost half (43%) of the global generating capacity [1]. Nonetheless, despite its obvious merits, the â€Å"Big Wind industry† comes with a number of potential shortcomings largely relating to the short life-span of these components and the lack of efficient operation and maintenance (ΟÎÅ") planning schemes. The latter†¦show more content†¦Problem-specific, cost-benefit analyses have not been conducted in detail, in order to provide significant indications that the benefits of SHM systems outweigh their cost. In this respect, one should mind that stakeholders, managers and infrastructure operators need simple and reliable tools in the form of â€Å"yes/no actions†, or â€Å"green/red buttons†. Unavoidably, this implies that SHM systems should be transformed from complex research-oriented measurement campaigns into robust, integrated solutions that accompany the structure throughout its life-cycle. Our goal is to address the aforementioned bottlenecks, maximizing the return on investment for such facilities by extending the useable lifetime through a smart monitoring implementation. In a nutshell, the proposed project has the following main objectives: 1. We will propose a new monitoring paradigm for WT facilities which features optimal sensor placement, i.e., minimally used instrumentation for extraction of the necessary amount of key response quantities in an effort to track these systems from cradle-to-grave. 2. Based on this sensory feedback and data collection, we will develop data processing methodologies relying on SHM, for the extraction of metrics for LCA both in the short term (damage, anomalies and extreme events detection) and in the long-term (deterioration, fatigue and defectiveShow MoreRelatedWhat Is Three Mistakes To Avoid In Energy Due Diligence?720 Words   |  3 PagesAvoid in Energy Due Diligence Deal making in the energy sector can be valuable but tricky. The sector is currently divided in markets with regulated and well-managed networks and those that are still looking to develop. Both markets are, however, offering valuable opportunities – as long as due diligence is at the core of the deal making. Renewables emerging as a key investment strategy The energy sector continues to generate plenty of value. According to EY reporting, regulated energy networksRead MoreComparing The United States And Western European Countries1528 Words   |  7 Pagesto western European countries and the U.S. for their economic model and their level of development. However, when it comes to politics of energy, an interesting gap between the U.S. and its European brothers and sisters appears. An interesting example is Portugal who, according to the New York Times, already collects 45% of its electricity from renewable energy sources, compared to 12% in the United States. What’s even more surprising is that since Richard Nixon, every president has made a nationalRead MoreSustainability And Sustainability Project : Deutsche Bank1554 Words   |  7 PagesSustainability Project Current trends suggest that sustainability is a topic of increasing importance for organizations. 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Environmental Justice Is The Fair Treatment Of The...

The placement of companies deleterious to the environment and well-being of humans is something that prosperous communities are not quite familiar with; in contrast, it is something well-known to less affluent communities. The imbalance of classification shows a lack of environmental justice in low-income and minority communities. According to the EPA, or Environmental Protection Agency, â€Å"environmental justice is the fair treatment†¦ of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income, with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies,† (EPA, n.d.). However, the environmental justice, the EPA mentions is not prevalent in communities of color, but rather its counterpart is: environmental injustice. Environmental injustice, or environmental racism, being the excessive placing of perilous waste and contaminating polluters near communities of color (Cha, 2016). 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Southwest airlines free essay sample

Analyzing Southwest Airlines’ organizations harmony is very challenging. Using the Mckinsey 7S Framework will make this process easier. The Mckinsey 7S Framework is made up of hard elements and soft elements. The hard elements consist of strategy, structure, and systems. These are elements in the organization that can not be changed easily. The soft elements consist of shared values, skills, style, and staff. These are elements that can be changed easily. The strategy of Southwest is very unique. Southwest strategy focuses on provided their service with the lowest prices in their industry. They have a ten-minute turnaround policy which allows flights to board and leave very quickly. Southwest deals with competitive pressure by focusing on a greater competitor, the automobile. This focus keeps Southwest ahead of the other airlines. Changes in customer demand were softened by the unique staff that Southwest had. Customer service took the place of meals that would be served on short flights. We will write a custom essay sample on Southwest airlines or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Southwest has a functional structure with three levels of management. Decision making is decentralized at Southwest. This decentralized decision making is good for the organic cultural of Southwest. Southwest strives to keep its employees involved with decisions. The main system that keeps Southwest going is it’s Human Resources system. This system ensures that the culture of the organization remains strong. This is important because it is one of the factors that keep customers returning to Southwest for all their flight. The HR department makes sure that the people it hires are willing to have fun while on the flight as well as crack a few jokes from time to time. There are some strong shared values within Southwest Airlines. Southwest’s values include quality, reliability, action, informal communication and feedback. All of these values contribute to the customer service orientation of their organization. Southwest has a very unique style that it as set for itself. Decisions at Southwest are made collectively. Employees seem to be more cooperative than competitive. Southwest is a family oriented organization that enforces its culture to the customers using its employees. There are nominal groups formed within the company. The employees get together voluntarily in order to do community service projects. The Southwest staff is like a family. Many of Southwest’s staff is classified as couples. This helps Southwest effectively promote its family oriented culture. Selected staff needs to be fun and outgoing. The strongest skills that are represented by the Southwest employees are customer service skills. Southwest prides itself on giving the customer a great flight experience. Their staff, as stated previously, is fun and family oriented. Judging by the 7S framework model, Southwest Airlines should not take on the extra flight it would get from LaGuardia. The extra flight will compromise the ten-minute turnaround that Southwest has praised itself on. This will negatively affects its customer service effectiveness which is the driving factor of Southwest’s culture and values. Southwest airlines free essay sample Analyzing Southwest Airlines organizations harmony is very challenging. Using the Mckinsey 7S Framework will make this process easier. The Mckinsey 7S Framework is made up of hard elements and soft elements. The hard elements consist of strategy, structure, and systems. These are elements in the organization that can not be changed easily. The soft elements consist of shared values, skills, style, and staff. These are elements that can be changed easily. The strategy of Southwest is very nique. Southwest strategy focuses on provided their service with the lowest prices in their industry. They have a ten-minute turnaround policy which allows flights to board and leave very quickly. Southwest deals with competitive pressure by focusing on a greater competitor, the automobile. This focus keeps Southwest ahead of the other airlines. Changes in customer demand were softened by the unique staff that Southwest had. Customer service took the place of meals that would be served on short flights. We will write a custom essay sample on Southwest airlines or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Southwest has a functional structure with three levels of management. Decision making is decentralized at Southwest. This decentralized decision making is good for the organic cultural of Southwest. Southwest strives to keep its employees involved with decisions. The main system that keeps Southwest going is its Human Resources system. This system ensures that the culture of the organization remains strong. This is important because it is one of the factors that keep customers returning to Southwest for all their flight. The HR department makes sure that the people it hires are willing to have fun while on the flight as well as crack a few Jokes from time to time. There are some strong shared values within Southwest Airlines. Southwests values include quality, reliability, action, informal communication and feedback. All of these values contribute to the customer service orientation of their organization. Southwest has a very unique style that it as set for itself. Decisions at Southwest are made collectively. Employees seem to be more cooperative than competitive. Southwest is a family oriented organization that enforces its culture to the customers using its employees. There are nominal groups formed within the company. The employees get together voluntarily in order to do community service projects. The Southwest staff is like a family. Many of Southwests staff is classified as couples. This helps Southwest effectively promote its family oriented culture. Selected staff needs to be fun and outgoing. The strongest skills that are represented by the Southwest employees are customer service skills. Southwest prides itself on giving the customer a great flight experience. Their staff, as stated previously, is fun and family oriented. Judging by the 7S framework model, Southwest Airlines should not take on the extra flight it would get from LaGuardia. The extra flight will compromise the ten-minute turnaround that Southwest has praised itself on. This will negatively affects its customer service effectiveness which is the driving factor of Southwests culture and values. southwest airlines. Southwest Airlines free essay sample In what ways might airline customers be segmented? Airline customers might be segmented when groups with varying needs and wants are recognized. They can be segmented on a number of different types of things; such as age, gender, location, buying behavior, and demographics. a. Which segments or niches would you consider Southwest’s prime targets? Southwest’s prime targets would be that of business and leisure travelers. Business travelers are less price sensitive than leisure travelers. They often travel on much shorter notice than leisure travelers. With the price of fuel rising companies have been urging their employees to reduce air fares and this factor attracted a lot of them to Southwest. Leisure travelers have always shopped around for reasonable prices. The fact that discount rates were offered and the whole family could go on a well planned trip was a plus to the leisure traveler. b. Which segments probably would not be? Long-hauls with high-fares. We will write a custom essay sample on Southwest Airlines or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They don’t provide additional amenities such as ordering special meals and drinks. 2. Discuss the pros and cons for expansion of Southwest beyond short hauls. Which arguments do you see as most compelling? PROS include: †¢Southwest may want to embark upon flying international. †¢ They can eliminate nonproductive flights to focus on long haul flights. †¢They can instill a Rapid Rewards frequent flyer program for out of the country flights. †¢With the price of fuel rapidly rising, passengers want to be carried wherever they need to go. †¢Newer planes that are fuel efficient might need to be purchased. CONS include: †¢The purchase of newer planes can be costly Small shift in the population or consumer tastes can greatly affect business. †¢May have trouble expanding into new markets (especially up-market). †¢Air fares may have to go up. 3. Evaluate the effectiveness of Southwest’s unions. Due to Kelleher’s hard work and determination, by 1974, he established a great relationship between management and labor with a unio n being present (Hartley, 2006). It also appears that with the stock incentives and the shares rising, that Southwest continue’s to be a rapidly growing firm, (Hartley, 2006). 4. On August 18, 1993, a fare war erupted. To initiate its new service between Cleveland and Baltimore, Southwest announced a $49 fare (a sizeable reduction from the then-standard rate of $300). Its rivals, Continental and US Air, retaliated. Before long, the price was $19, not much more than the tank of gas it would take to drive between the two cities-and the airlines also supplied a free soft drink. Evaluate he implications of such a price war for three airlines. Due to the fact that Southwest was smart in their operation they were able to outwit their rivals. They were able to take the business of their opponents and offering them fares at a valued price. The big airlines could not afford to keep up with the legal battles as they were already losing money from not enough passenger capacity. 5. A price cut is the most easily matched marketing strategy and usually provides no lasting advantage to any competitor. Identify the circumstances when you see it desirable to initiate a price cut and potential price war. I think that I would initiate a price war when I see that competition needs to be phased out. There are always new competitors offering some new amenity, but the war on fares will always come about. It may be a certain season or a certain venue, but there will always be a need for the fare wars. 6. Do you think it is likely that Southwest will remain dominant in its niche despite the array of discount carriers? Why or why not? I think that they can remain dominant until their hedging contract is up. I believe that this will be the time when the economy will dictate what will be thrown on the table. That means that Southwest might have to buckle down and maybe get financed for a change. Until now they have been using their profits to fund the cost of fuel to keep them going strong. I don’t think that this may prove wise in 2012. Southwest Airlines free essay sample This proposal addresses the needed steps to be taken in order for Southwest Airlines to see continued growth in the airline industry. Southwest Airlines has been able to remain one of the most profitable airlines in the industry for an extended period of time. Even with the hindrance of the 2001 terrorist attacks involving airplanes and the U. S recession of 2008, Southwest has continued to see strong revenue growth. Meanwhile, other companies were experiencing major losses and in some cases folding. Southwest Airlines has capitalized on the company’s strength of being the top low cost carrier by offering a simple and efficient business plan that prides itself on customer service. Other carriers are now starting to take note of Southwest’s success and emulate many of their practices in an attempt to grab a share of their customer base. To overcome this competition, Southwest must continue to be unique and innovative in their business plans. We will write a custom essay sample on Southwest Airlines or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Introduction: A New Airline Power is Formed Southwest Airlines was created in 1971 by Rollin King and Herb Kelleher. Their thinking was that if they offered fares lower than any of the competition, with efficient service, the company was bound to succeed. Their thinking turned out to be on target, as Southwest has for decades been one of the most successful airlines in the country. What began as a small Texas airline has grown to become the fifth largest airline in the United States. Today, Southwest Airlines flies over 70 million passengers per year to more than 62 cities. Southwest orchestrates over 3,000 flights per day. The Southwest fleet consists of over 436 jets which have an average age of nine years old. Since the Department of Transportation began tracking Customer Satisfaction statistics in 1987, Southwest has consistently led the entire airline industry with the lowest ratio of complaints per passengers boarded. Customer satisfaction is one of the cornerstones at the foundation of Southwest’s success. CUSTOMER SATISFACTION Complaints per 100,000 customers boarded Source: http://www. southwestonereport. com/people Background: A Unique Business Model When being established, Southwest used a business model that differed quite a bit from ones seen at other successful airline companies around the country. When the airline launched, the fares were much lower than the competition. In fact, many fares were actually below the cost of driving a vehicle over the same route. Southwest’s policy of pricing its service was to compete with auto travel, something not even considered by other airlines at the time. While the fares have increased with inflation, they are still some of the best in the industry. Southwest has been able to keep its fares low and its service ratings high by implementing processes that are unlike those of its competitors. Trips are made more frequently by Southwest than the average airline, passengers are not assigned seats, only Boeing 737 jets are used in the Southwest fleet, un-congested or secondary airports are targeted in their routes, and tickets are primarily sold through the internet. Southwest’s frequent departures provided opportunity to frequent business flyers to catch a later flight if they missed one. They also didn’t assign seats to passengers. They issued colorful reusable plastic cards numbered 1 to 30. Passengers who came first could take the seat of their choice, thus providing an incentive to arrive early. This process of assigning seats eliminated the time-consuming reconciliation of the double assignment of seats on full flights and allowed Southwest agents to keep the plane doors open for last minute arrivals at the gate. The airline didn’t transfer baggage to connecting flights on other airlines and didn’t provide food in flight The process has proven to be very efficient, standardized and low-cost, allowing for quick turnaround and low fares. Customers are part of the process and taking their roles willingly. For distribution of tickets, initially commission was given to travel agents but later Southwest implemented a â€Å"ticketless† (paperless) travel program and later the development of Southwest. com as a means of using the internet to sell travel directly to customers. Southwest was a true pioneer in utilizing the internet, first establishing a website in 1995. This lowered distribution cost. Southwest has an average turnaround time of 25 minutes. This is quite lower than the industry average. For this success, the factors that were responsible were; an absence of meals on all Southwest flights, a limited amount of checked luggage on Southwest’s typically 60- to 90- minutes flights, a near-uniform configuration for all of its 737 aircraft, a team-oriented approach to ground services with team measures for turning around planes and freedom to do whatever necessary to get a plane pushed off on time with a high speed boarding process. Southwest has a great reputation of treating their passengers like family, often telling jokes and word games during the flights. Southwest also treats their employees very well, offering a wide range of perks and benefits. Southwest employees are routinely the highest paid in the industry. Average First Year Airline Pilot Salary Source: AirlinePilotCentral. com, an industry career page (Aug, 2011) Problem: Emerging Competition Recently, Southwest Airlines has seen the level of its competition increase. A decline in revenue and passenger traffic has accompanied this. Other airlines (some established, some upstarts) have started to lower their prices in order to compete directly with Southwest. This is somewhat of a testament to Southwest’s success, as many have decided to mimic their blueprint in an attempt to spawn similar success. Today there is far more low fare, low cost choices than there have been in years past. Legacy airline carriers are now offering â€Å"Southwest Style† no frills, low fare service. The past decade has seen the emergence of new upstart airlines such as JetBlue, AirTran Airways and Frontier Airlines. These airlines specialize in the low cost fares that have helped Southwest thrive. On top of similar pricing, these new competitors also boast the feature of having more amenities befitting a higher end airline. Deluxe leather seats, DirecTV offered in flight, assigned seating, extravagant drinks and carb conscious meals are just some of the feature these low cost competitors are offering their passengers. Also, while Southwest has a unique operations model that allows them to slash their turnaround times, there has been concerns about certain aspects of their service level. The most noticeably troublesome facet of their service issues is their struggles in baggage handling. While Southwest does boast about their â€Å"Bags Fly Free† policy, not charging passengers to check multiple bags, they have the second-worst rate of mishandled bags in the country according to a report in the Wall Street Journal. While speedy baggage loading and unloading is a key part of Southwest’s process to minimize turn time for their planes, it appears that they could be sacrificing efficiency for speed. Opportunities: Building on an Already Great Model While Southwest Airlines has made major strides in supplanting itself among the leaders in the airline industry, the threats are there for the competition to move in on Southwest’s market share. A consequence of Southwest’s success is the fact that competitors are looking at their operations model, refining it and implementing it themselves. Southwest must continue to evolve and adapt as a company in order to fend off these new challenges. The operational model Southwest has functioned under since its inception has proven to be a huge success for the company. Keeping operating costs and turn times low has given the company flexibility to do things that weren’t deemed feasible by traditional airline carriers. Offering low fares, frequent flights and rapid expansion are outcomes of the low operational costs. It does however; seem to be a point of transition for the company currently. Vast economic changes in the airline industry, brought about by the terrorists’ attacks of 2001 and the economic collapse of 2008 have forced traditional airlines to restructure their operational model. Seeing that the model Southwest utilized seemed to be working extremely well, many companies gravitated towards it. In today’s airline market, the Southwest model is no longer unique, and the gap has been narrowed. Southwest has long relied on expanding to secondary or smaller airlines. Their flights remain domestic. Perhaps the time has come for the airline to think bigger. Southwest does not fly to many of the busiest airports in the United States. While this is a calculated move done to help with expansion, it is potentially obstructing the company from gaining countless numbers of would-be customers. Another area for potential growth would be expanding to international flights. This could be a major boon for Southwest, as their operation model could be a huge hit in other countries. This would however be a major step for the company, and would require much research before it could be implemented. The issue mentioned earlier regarding a large number of mishandled bags is one of major concern for Southwest. A major part of their operations centers on customer satisfaction, and missing bags can definitely damage this. The bag problem may be a byproduct of Southwest’s focus on having extremely short turn times for their planes. Their fixation on getting the planes ready for the next flight as quickly as possible may in turn sacrifice efficiency when it comes to loading and unloading the planes. This area of the plane turning process should be analyzed and possibly refined, as it would appear to be the reason behind the high number of mishandled bags. More airlines are emerging with the combination of low air fares and attractive inflight amenities that many would not expect on an economy class flight. Southwest has historically offered frill free flights, giving passengers basic services and mainly focusing on creating a fun environment to engage their patrons. With competitors now offering more perks at similar price points, it is imperative for Southwest to ramp up on the inflight extras offered on their trips. At the beginning of the case, a flight by Southwest CEO Gary Kelly is documented. On this particular flight, a satellite based Wi-Fi Internet service is being tested out. It has since been put into implementation, and is currently available on nearly 75% of Southwest’s fleet of jets. In addition to this innovation, in June 2013 Southwest introduced a â€Å"TV Flies Free† offer. In the deal, Southwest has partnered with Dish network to offer customers 14 live TV channels and up to 75 on-demand shows. Passengers can view the content on their internet ready personal devices, such as smart phones and tablets. This is a noteworthy addition to Southwest’s inflight benefits, as two of their main competitors from a low fare price point perspective, JetBlue Airways and Virgin America, have offered free live TV for years, doing so on screens installed in the seatbacks of their jets. It is estimated that 90% of passengers now travel with personal devices, meaning the vast majority of people who fly Southwest have full access to free inflight TV. This also means that Southwest saves on installation costs that would accompany putting screens in seatbacks. This gives them a financial edge on their competition. Recommendation: Enhancement and Expansion The airline industry has evolved drastically over the past decade as the financial climate has changed. Companies are focusing on efficiency and passenger satisfaction, major pieces of Southwest’s success plan. With the industry evolving to mirror southwest, it appears that the time has come for Southwest to evolve itself in order to stay ahead of the curve. Southwest could see a decent revenue increase with an overhaul of their on-flight setup. Adding first class seating could make their airline more attractive to consumers who want a certain amount of luxury at a decent price point. The prices for first class tickets would be lower than that of a traditional airline, so that passengers are still getting the Southwest value that they are accustomed to. First class seating would be assigned, leather seats would be available and an extensive drink menu would be offered. Meals would still not be served in an effort to keep plane turn times down. Coach seating will remain the same, with first come first serve seating. Free WIFI and TV service will continue to be expanded, so that it will be available on 100% of Southwest flights. The baggage portion of Southwest’s turn process must be analyzed and overhauled. Missing bags is considered unacceptable to most travelers, and could account for a great deal of customer turnover. It is possible that changing the way baggage is loaded in and out of the planes could add to average turn times of planes, but sacrificing time for added efficiency is an even trade, especially when your turn times are well under the industry average already. With the larger airlines taking cues from Southwest’s success, the time has come for the airline to expand into larger airports. JFK in New York, Miami International, Dallas Fort Worth International, O’Hare in Chicago, and Logan International in Boston should be prime targets. While Southwest already has route to many of these cities in the lesser used terminals, having a presence in larger airports with more air traffic will increase visibility and potential customers. Flights should remain domestic for the immediate future, as adding international flights would be a massive undertaking given they don’t particularly fit into Southwest’s current operational model. Conclusion: Continuing the Climb Towards the Top Southwest Airlines is a company that was built on a strategy considered unique and risky at the time it was founded. It has seen itself grow from a tiny, regional company with 3 jets to one of the most recognizable brands in American air travel. As time has passed and the airline industry has evolved, Southwest now has an outstanding, low cost model that has worked successfully for the past 30 years; one that is custom fit for today’s changing economy. Competitors realize this, and in turn have mimicked Southwest’s model to grab business from them. Southwest must be proactive in adjusting to the ever changing climate of the air travel industry. Building on their already strong business model is imperative for continued success. Expanding service and upgrading the inflight experience are excellent opportunities for increased revenue. Southwest must not remain content and continue pushing forward on making their product the best airline experience possible.